Orthoptera of Berrien County, Michigan, and Vicinity

The insect order Orthoptera includes the crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids and allies. The species in this order are commonly referred to as "singing insects" because of their loud, distinctive, and often repetitive vocalizations.

The primary source for this list was Theodore H. Hubbell’s (1922) The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Berrien County, Michigan, supplemented by Roger G. Bland’s (2003) The Orthoptera of Michigan and Thomas J. Walker and Thomas E. Moore’s (2004) Singing insects of North America. The Orthoptera Species File Online was used to sort out synonyms.

According to Bland (2003), more than 25,000 species of Orthoptera are known worldwide, an estimated 1,210 species have been documented in North America north of Mexico, and 137 species are known in Michigan.

The 98 species known or likely to occur in Berrien County (85 documented from Berrien County, plus an additional 13 from neighboring Cass and/or Van Buren counties) represent 44 genera, 18 subfamilies, 8 families, and 2 suborders. Another 10 species (shown in square brackets below) may possibly occur in Berrien County or vicinity based on presumed ranges depicted by Walker and Moore (2003).

In the following list, scientific and common names follow Bland (2003), with alternative common names (if any) in curly brackets. One or more of the following symbols appear after the species name, where * = specimen(s) reported from Berrien County by Hubbell (1922); # = specimen(s) documented from Berrien, Cass, or Van Buren counties by Bland (2003); + = the known or presumed range of the species, as depicted by Walker and Moore (2003), includes Berrien County; and ^ = a species reported from Michigan by O’Brien (2004).

Counties with documented specimen records are shown in square brackets, where B = Berrien, C = Cass, and V = Van Buren.

For each species collected in Berrien County by Hubbell (1922), the number of specimens/collecting localities is shown in parentheses.

The one non-native Introduced species is indicated as such.

SUBORDER CAELIFERA (grasshoppers)

Family Acrididae (short-horned grasshoppers):
Subfamily Acridinae (slant-faced grasshoppers):

Metaleptea (=Tryxalis) brevicornis, SHORT-HORNED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (53/3)

Stethophyma lineatum (=Arcyptera lineata), STRIPED SEDGE GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (21/2)
Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae (bird grasshoppers):

Schistocerca alutacea, LEATHER-COLORED BIRD GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C] (43/4)

Schistocerca americana (=serialis), AMERICAN BIRD GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (2/2)

Schistocerca emarginata, PRAIRIE BIRD GRASSHOPPER#^ [B,C,V]
Subfamily Gomphocerinae (slant-faced grasshoppers):

Ageneotettix deorum, SAND GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (1/1)

Chloealtis conspersa, SPRINKLED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (86/4)

Chorthippus curtipennis, MARSH MEADOW GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (63/6)

Dichromorpha viridis, SHORT-WINGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (16/1)

Orphulella pelidna, SPOTTED-WINGED GRASSHOPPER#^ [B,V] {SC}

Orphulella speciosa, PASTURE GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (27/3)

Pseudopomala brachyptera, BUNCHGRASS GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C] (10/1)

Syrbula admirabilis, HANDSOME GRASSHOPPER#^ [B,C]
Subfamily Melanoplinae (spur-throated grasshoppers):

Melanoplus angustipennis, NARROW-WINGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (72/4)

Melanoplus bivittatus, TWO-STRIPED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (105/4)

Melanoplus borealis, NORTHERN GRASSHOPPER#^ [C]

Melanoplus confusus, LITTLE GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (82/1)

Melanoplus differentialis, DIFFERENTIAL GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (25/6)

Melanoplus fasciatus, HUCKLEBERRY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (10/1)

Melanoplus femurrubrum, RED-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (63/5)

Melanoplus flavidus, BLUE-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (3/1) {SC}

Melanoplus gracilis, GRACEFUL GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (32/4)

Melanoplus keeleri, BROAD-NECKED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (56/3)

Melanoplus punctulatus, GRISEOUS GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C] (4/2)

Melanoplus sanguinipes (=mexicanus), MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (296/5)

Melanoplus scudderi, SCUDDER'S SHORT-WINGED GRASSHOPPER#^ [C]

Melanoplus viridipes, GREEN-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [V] (58/3)

Melanoplus walshii, WALSH'S GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (4/2)

Paroxya hoosieri (=clavuliger), HOOSIER GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (102/3) {SC}
Subfamily Oedipodinae (band-winged grasshoppers):

Arphia pseudonietana, RED-WINGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (12/2)

Arphia sulphurea, SPRING YELLOW-WINGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (48/3)

Arphia xanthoptera, AUTUMN YELLOW-WINGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (34/2)

Camnula pellucida, CLEAR-WINGED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (58/2)

Chortophaga viridifasciata, GREEN-STRIPED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (19/3)

Dissosteira carolina, CAROLINA GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (38/4)

Encoptolophus sordidus, DUSKY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (19/3)

Pardalophora haldemanii, HALDEMAN'S GRASSHOPPER#^ [B,V]

Psinidia fenestralis, LONG-HORNED GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (30/2) {SC}

Spharagemon bolli, BOLL'S GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (42/3)

Spharagemon collare, MOTTLED SAND GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (82/7)

Spharagemon marmorata, NORTHERN MARBLED GRASSHOPPER#^ [B]

Trimerotropis maritima, SEASIDE GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (56/3)

Family Tetrigidae (pygmy grasshoppers):
Subfamily Batrachideinae:

Tettigidea armata, SPINED PYGMY LOCUST*#^ [B] (25/3)

Tettigidea lateralis, SEDGE PYGMY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (24/3)
Subfamily Tetriginae:

Nomotettix cristatus, NORTHERN CRESTED PYGMY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (2/1)

Paratettix cucullatus, HOODED PYGMY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (85/4)

Tetrix arenosa (=Acrydium arenosum), OBSCURE PYGMY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (48/2)

Tetrix ornate (=Acrydium ornatum and hancocki), ORNATE PYGMY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,C,V] (14/1)

Tetrix subulata (=Acrydium granulatum), SLENDER PYGMY GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B,V] (9/2)

Family Tridactylidae (pygmy mole grasshoppers):
Subfamily Tridactylinae (pygmy mole grasshoppers):

Ellipes minutus (=minuta), MINUTE PYGMY MOLE GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (35/1)

Neotrydactylus (=Tridactylus) apicalis, LARGER PYGMY MOLE GRASSHOPPER*#^ [B] (9/2)

SUBORDER ENSIFERA (crickets, katydids, and bush katydids)

Family Gryllidae (true crickets):
Subfamily Gryllinae (field crickets and house crickets):
[Acheta domesticus, House Cricket+^ (Introduced)]

Gryllus pennsylvanicus (=assimilis), FALL FIELD CRICKET*#+^ [B,C] (102/5)

Gryllus veletus, SPRING FIELD CRICKET#+^ [B,C,V]
Subfamily Nemobiinae (ground crickets):

Allonemobius allardi, ALLARD'S GROUND CRICKET#+^ [B,C,V]

Allonemobius (=Nemobius) fasciatus, STRIPED GROUND CRICKET*#+^ [B,C,V] (76/4)

Allonemobius griseus, GRAY GROUND CRICKET#+^ [C]

Allonemobius maculatus, SPOTTED GROUND CRICKET#+^ [C]
[Allonemobius tinnulus, Tinkling Ground Cricket+^]

Eunemobius (=Nemobius) carolinus, CAROLINE GROUND CRICKET*#+^ [B] (10/3)
[Eunemobius confusus, Confused Ground Cricket+]

Eunemobius melodius, MELODIOUS GROUND CRICKET#+^ [B]

Neonemobius (=Nemobius) palustris, MARSH GROUND CRICKET*#+^ [B,C] (4/1)
[Neonemobius variegatus, Variegated Ground Cricket+]
Subfamily Trigonidiinae (sword-bearing crickets):

Anaxipha exiqua, SAY'S BUSH CRICKET#+^ [B,C]

Family Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets):
Subfamily Gryllotalpinae (mole crickets):

Neocurtilla (=Gryllotalpa) hexadactyla, NORTHERN MOLE CRICKET*#+^ [B,C] (12/2)

Family Oecanthidae:
Subfamily Oecanthinae (tree crickets):

Neoxabea bipunctata, TWO-SPOTTED TREE CRICKET#+^ [C]
[Oecanthus exclamationis, Davis's Tree Cricket+^]
[Oecanthus forbesi, Forbes’s Tree Cricket+]

Oecanthus fultoni, SNOWY TREE CRICKET#+^ [B]
[Oecanthus latipennis, Broad-winged Tree Cricket+]

Oecanthus nigricornis, BLACK-HORNED TREE CRICKET*#+^ [B,C] (30/4)

Oecanthus niveus, NARROW-WINGED TREE CRICKET*#+^ [C] (1/1)

Oecanthus pini, PINE TREE CRICKET#+^ [B] {SC}

Oecanthus quadripunctatus, FOUR-SPOTTED TREE CRICKET*#+^ [B,C] (27/4)

Family Rhaphidophoridae (cave and camel crickets):

Ceuthophilus divergens, DIVERGENT CAMEL CRICKET#^ [B]

Ceuthophilus guttulosus (=nigricans), THOMAS'S CAMEL CRICKET*#^ [B] (5/2)

Ceuthophilus latens, BLACK-SIDED CAMEL CRICKET*#^ [B] (58/2)

Family Tettigoniidae (katydids):
Subfamily Conocephalinae (meadow katydids):

Conocephalus attenuatus, LONG-TAILED MEADOW KATYDID#+^ [C]

Conocephalus brevipennis, SHORT-WINGED MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (46/4)

Conocephalus fasciatus, SLENDER MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (32/5)

Conocephalus nemoralis, WOODLAND MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B,V] (11/1)

Conocephalus nigropleurum (=nigropleurus), BLACK-SIDED MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B,C] (22/3)
[Conocephalus saltans, Prairie Meadow Katydid+^]

Conocephalus strictus, STRAIGHT-LANCED MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B] (31/3)

Orchelimum campestris, DUSKY-FACED MEADOW KATYDID#+^ [B,C,V]
[Orchelimum concinnum, Stripe-faced Meadow Katydid*+^ (6/2) {SC}]

Orchelimum delicatum, DELICATE MEADOW KATYDID#+^ [C] {SC}

Orchelimum gladiator, GLADIATOR MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B] (20/6)

Orchelimum nigripes, BLACK-LEGGED MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (15/2)

Orchelimum volantum, NIMBLE MEADOW KATYDID#+^ [B]

Orchelimum vulgare, COMMON MEADOW KATYDID*#+^ [B,V] (60/5)
Subfamily Copiphorinae (conehead katydids):

Neoconocephalus ensiger, SWORD-BEARING CONEHEAD KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (14/2)
[Neoconocephalus lyristes, Slender Conehead Katydid+^ {SC}]

Neoconocephalus nebrascensis, NEBRASKA CONEHEAD KATYDID*#+^ [B] (4/1)

Neoconocephalus retusus, ROUND-TIPPED CONEHEAD KATYDID#^ [C] {SC}

Neoconocephalus robustus, ROBUST CONEHEAD KATYDID*#+^ [B,C] (3/2)
Subfamily Phaneropterinae (bush katydids and others):

Amblycorypha oblongifolia, OBLONG-WINGED KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (26/2)

Amblycorypha rotundifolia, ROUND-WINGED KATYDID#+^ [C]

Microcentrum rhombifolium, ANGLE-WINGED KATYDID#+^ [C]

Scudderia curvicauda, CURVE-TAILED BUSH KATYDID*#+^ [B,C] (9/2)

Scudderia fasciata, HEMLOCK BUSH KATYDID#+^ [B] {SC}

Scudderia furcata, FORK-TAILED BUSH KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (31/4)

Scudderia pistillata, BROAD-TAILED BUSH KATYDID*#+^ [B,C,V] (13/5)

Scudderia septentrionalis, NORTHERN BUSH KATYDID#+^ [B,C]

Scudderia texensis, TEXAS BUSH KATYDID*#+^ [B,C] (15/3)
Subfamily Pseudophyllinae (true katydids):

Pterophylla camellifolia, NORTHERN TRUE KATYDID*#+^ [B,C]
Subfamily Tettigoniinae (shield-backed katydids):

Atlanticus testaceus, SHORT-LEGGED SHIELD-BACKED KATYDID*#+^ [B,C] (6/2)

Sources:

Alexander, Richard D., Ann E. Pace, and Daniel Otte. 1972. The singing insects of Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist 5: 33-69.

Bland, Roger G. 2003. The Orthoptera of Michigan—biology, keys, and descriptions of grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2815, 220 pp.

Hubbell, Theodore H. 1922. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Berrien County, Michigan.

O'Brien, Mark. 2004. Checklist of Michigan orthopteroids.

Otte, Daniel, David C. Eades, Maria Marta Cigliano, and Holger Braun. 2010. Orthoptera Species File Online (Version 2.0/4.0).

Walker, Thomas J., and Thomas E. Moore. 2004. Singing insects of North America.

Bracket Fungi of Berrien County, Michigan: A Preliminary List

Bracket fungi are a diverse group named more for their similar external morphologies (specifically, bracket- or shelf-like growth habits on dead or living tree trunks, and woody textures) than for their close relationship. The so-called bracket fungi (sometimes referred to as shelf fungi) are typically grouped together in field guides for ease of identification by observers in the field. Additional information about bracket fungi can be found here, and images of some representative species can be viewed here.

Because the distribution and relative abundance of fungi has been poorly documented in the literature, the following list was derived by scanning six field guides at my disposal (Barron 1999, Bessette and Sundberg 1987, Lincoff 1987, McKnight and McKnight 1987, Miller and Miller 2006, and Smith and Weber 1996) and making educated guesses as to which species were likely to occur in Berrien County based on range and habitat descriptions. The 82 species listed below represent 51 genera, 21 families, 5 orders, and 1 subclass. Given the current state of knowledge of local fungal diversity, I should again emphasize that this is a list of what is possible rather than a list of what has been confirmed in Berrien County and vicinity, and that I have erred on the side of being inclusive rather than exclusive in the case of questionable species.

Scientific names are those recognized by the Index Fungorum. Higher-order taxonomic categories (i.e., Families, Orders, Subclasses) follow the MushroomExpert; for genera not recognized by the MushroomExpert, taxonomic treatment follows the Index Fungorum.

There are no officially recognized common names for North American fungi. In many cases, however, North American species of Holarctic distribution have been assigned an "official" English name by the British Mycological Society (see Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK); these names are capitalized and appear immediately following the scientific name. Where available, other common name(s) shown in curly brackets in lower case are those that appear in one or more of the referenced field guides.

Authors of field guides treating each species are shown in straight brackets.

The few species that are Edible or POISONOUS are indicated as such.

Credit: Dryad's Saddle (Polyporus squamosus), showing typical attachment of bracket fungus to tree trunk. This photo by Walter Baxter is used here courtesy of a Creative Commons licensing agreement.

Subclass Agaricomycetes

ORDER AGARICALES

Family Fistulinaceae:

Fistulina hepatica, Beefsteak Fungus {beefsteak fungus, beefsteak, beefsteak polypore} [Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Family Schizophyllaceae:

Schizophyllum commune, Split Gill {common split gill} [Lincoff, Miller]

ORDER HYMENOCHAETALES

Family Hymenochaetaceae:

Coltricia cinnamomea {faiy stook, shiny cinnamon polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Coltricia montagnei {green’s polypore, montagne’s polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Coltricia perennis, Tiger’s Eye [Barron, Miller]

Inonotus obliquus {clinker polypore} [Lincoff]

Inonotus radiatus, Alder Bracket [Barron]

Onnia tomentosa (=Inonotus tomentosus) {woolly velvet polypore [Lincoff]

Phelinus chrysoloma {golden spreading polypore} [Lincoff]

Phellinus gilvus {mustard yellow polypore} [Lincoff]

Phellinus igniarius, Willow Bracket {flecked-flesh polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Phellinus rimosus (=rimosa) {craked-cap polypore} [Lincoff]

Porodaedalea (=Phellinus) pini [Miller]

Family Schizoporaceae:

Oxyporus populinus, Poplar Bracket {mossy maple polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Schizopora paradoxa, Split Porecrust {split-pore polypore} [Lincoff]

ORDER POLYPORALES

Family Albatrellaceae:

Albatrellus caeruleoporus {blue albatrellus, blue-pored polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Albatrellus confluens [Barron, Miller]

Albatrellus cristatus {crested polypore} [Lincoff]

Albatrellus ovinus {sheep polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Family Altheliaceae:

Plicaturopsis crispa {crimped gill} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Family Fomitopsidaceae:

Daedalea quercina, Oak Mazegill {oak maze-gill, oak polypore, thick-maze oak polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Fomitopsis cajanderi [Barron]

Fomitopsis pinicola {redbelt, red-banded polypore, red-belted polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Piptoporus betulinus, Birch Polypore or Razorstrop Fungus {birch polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Postia (=Tyromyces) caesius, Conifer Blueing Bracket {blue cheese polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Postia fragilis [Barron]

Family Ganodermataceae:

Ganoderma applanatum, Artist’s Bracket {artist’s conk, artist’s fungus} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Ganoderma lucidum, Lacquered Bracket {lancquered polypore, ling chih} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Ganoderma tsugae {hemlock varnish shelf, lacquered polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff]

Family Gloeophyllaceae:

Gloeophyllum sepiarium [yellow-red gill polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Family Hapalopilaceae:

Bjerkandera adusta, Smoky Bracket {smoky polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Ceriporia (=Poria) spissa {orange poria} [Lincoff]

Hapalopilus nidulans, Cinnamon Bracket {tender nesting polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Ischnoerma resinosum {resinous polypore, late fall polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff]

Family Meripilaceae:

Grifola frondosa, Hen of the Woods {hen of the woods, hen-of-the-woods} [Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Meripilus giganteus, Giant Polypore {black-staining polypore} [Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Family Meruliaceae:

Gloeoporus (=Caloporus) dichrous {gelatinous-pored polypore} [Lincoff]

Merulius tremellosus (=Phlebia tremellosa), Jelly Rot [Barron, Miller]

Phlebia incarnata [Barron, Miller]

Phlebia radiata, Wrinkled Crust [Barron]

Family Phanerochaetacdae:

Lopharia cinerascens {bristly parchment} [Lincoff]

Family Podoscyphaceae:

Cotylidia diaphana [Barron]

Famly Polyporaceae:

Cerrena unicolor {mossy maze polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Cryptoporus volvatus {veiled polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Daedaleopsis confragosa, Blushing Bracket {currycomb bracket, thin-maze flat polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Fomes fomentarius, Hoof Fungus or Tinder Bracket {tinder polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Globiformes graveolens {sweet knot} [Lincoff]

Hexagonia hirta (=Polyporus hirtus) {bitter iodine polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Laetiporus sulphureus, Chicken of the Woods {chicken of the woods, sulphur shelf} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Lenzites betulina, Birch Mazegill {birch lenzites, birch maze-gill, gilled bracket, multicolor gill polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight]

Phaeolus schweinitzii, Dyer’s Mazegill {die maker’s polypore, dye polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Polyporus alveolaris (=mori) [Barron, Miller] - Edible (when young)

Polyporus arcularius (=Favolus alveolaris) {spring polypore, hexagonal-pored polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Polyporus badius {bay-brown polypore, black-footed polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Polyporus brumalis, Winter Polypore {winter polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Polyporus radicatus {rooting polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Polyporus squamosus, Dryad’s Saddle {dryad’s saddle, dryad saddle, scaly polyporus} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Smith]

Polyporus umbellatus, Umbrella Polypore {umbrella polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight]

Polyporus varius {blackfoot polypore, elegant polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Poronidulus (=Trametes) conchifer {little nest polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus {cinnabar polypore, cinnabar red polypore, cinnabar-red polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Trametes hirsuta, Hairy Bracket [Barron]

Trametes pubescens [Barron]

Trametes (=Coriolus) versicolor, Turkeytail {turkey tail, turkey-tail} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Trichaptum abietinum (=abietinus), Purplepore Bracket [Barron, Bessette]

Trichaptum biforme (=biformis {violet toothed polypore, purple-toothed polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Tyromyces chioneus {white cheese polypore} [Barron, Lincoff]

Family Steccherinaceae:

Irpex lacteus {milk-white toothed polypore} [Lincoff]

ORDER RUSSULALES

Family Bondarzewiaceae:

Bondarzewia berkeleyi {berkeley’s polypore} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Heterobasidion annosum, Root Rot [conifer-base polypore} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Family Peniophoraceae:

Peniophora rufa [Barron]

Family Stereaceae:

Stereum complicatum {crowded parchment} [Lincoff, Miller]

Stereum hirsutum, Hairy Curtain Crust {hairy parchment} [Barron, Lincoff]

Stereum ostrea {false turkey tail, false turkey-tail, false turkeytail} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Stereum (=Haematostereum) sanguinolentum, Bleeding Conifer {bleeding conifer parchment} [Lincoff]

Stereum striatum {silky parchment} [Lincoff]

Xylobolus frustulatus {ceramic fungus, ceramic parchment} [Barron, Lincoff]

ORDER THELEPHORALES

Family Bankeraceae:

Boletopsis subsquamosa {kurotake} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller] - Edible

Family Thelephoraceae:

Thelephora caryophyllea {carnation fungus, carnation groundwart} [Barron]

Thelephora palmata, Stinking Earthfan [Barron, Miller]

Thelephora terrestris, Earthfan {common fiber vase, earth fan, groundwart} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Sources:

Barron, George. 1999. Mushrooms of northeast North America: Midwest to New England. Lone Pine Publishing, Auburn, Washington. 336 pp.

Bessette, Alan, and Walter J. Sunderg. 1987. Mushrooms: a quick reference guide to mushrooms of North America. McMillan Publishing Company, New York, New York. 173 pp.

Lincoff, Gary H. 1987. The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York. 926 pp.

McKnight, Kent H., and Vera B. McKnight. 1987. A field guide to mushrooms of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 429 pp.

Miller, Orson K., and Hope H. Miller. 2006. North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Falcon Guides, Guilford, Connecticut. 583 pp.

Smith, Alexander H., and Nancy Smith Weber. 1996. The mushroom hunter’s guide. University of Michigan Press and Thunder Bay Press. 316 pp.

Club and Coral Fungi of Berrien County, Michigan: A Preliminary List

Club and coral fungi are a diverse group named more for their similar external morphologies (specifically, a coral- or club-like shape) than for their close relationship. The so-called coral and club fungi are typically grouped together in field guides for ease of identification by observers in the field. Additional information about coral and club fungi can be found here, and images of some representative species can be viewed here.

Because the distribution and relative abundance of fungi has been poorly documented in the literature, the following list was derived by scanning six field guides at my disposal (Barron 1999, Bessette and Sundberg 1987, Lincoff 1987, McKnight and McKnight 1987, Miller and Miller 2006, and Smith and Weber 1996) and making educated guesses as to which species were likely to occur in Berrien County based on range and habitat descriptions. The 43 species listed below represent 16 genera, 10 families, 8 orders, and 2 subclasses. Given the current state of knowledge of local fungal diversity, I should again emphasize that this is a list of what is possible rather than a list of what has been confirmed in Berrien County and vicinity, and that I have erred on the side of being inclusive rather than exclusive in the case of questionable species.

Scientific names are those recognized by the Index Fungorum. Higher-order taxonomic categories (i.e., Families, Orders, Subclasses) follow the MushroomExpert; for genera not recognized by the MushroomExpert, taxonomic treatment follows the Index Fungorum.

There are no officially recognized common names for North American fungi. In many cases, however, North American species of Holarctic distribution have been assigned an "official" English name by the British Mycological Society (see Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK); these names are capitalized and appear immediately following the scientific name. Where available, other common name(s) shown in curly brackets in lower case are those that appear in one or more of the referenced field guides.

Authors of field guides treating each species are shown in straight brackets.

The few species that are Edible or POISONOUS are indicated as such.

Credit: Golden Coral (Ramaria aurea) is one of the edible coral fungi. This photo by Manfred Bromba is used here courtesy of permission granted by Wikipedia Commons.

Subclass AGARICOMYCETIDAE

ORDER AGARICALES

Family Clavariaceae:

Alloclavaria (=Clavaria) purpurea, Purple Spindles {purple club coral, purple coral} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Clavaria fragilis (=vermicularis), White Spindles {white worm coral, worm-like coral} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Clavaria fumosa, Smokey Spindles [Barron]

Clavaria rosea, Rose Spindles {rosy club coral} [Barron]

Clavaria zollingeri, Violet Coral {magenta coral} [McKnight, Miller]

Clavulinopsis corniculata, Meadow Coral [Barron]

Clavulinopsis fusiformis, Golden Spindles {spindle-shaped coral, spindle-shaped yellow coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Macrotyphula juncea, Slender Club {fairy thread} [Barron]

Multiclavula mucida {white green-algae coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Family Marasmiaceae:

Physalacria inflata {bladder stalks} [Lincoff]

ORDER CANTHARELLALES

Family Clavulinaceae:

Clavulina amethystina {violet-branched coral} [Lincoff]

Clavulina cinerea, Grey Coral {gray coral} [Barron, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Clavulina coralloides (=cristata), Crested Coral {cockscomb coral, crested coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller] - Edible

Clavulina (=Clavaria) ornatipes [Barron]

Clavulina rugosa [Barron] - Edible

ORDER PHALLALES

Family Gomphaceae:

Clavariadelphus ligula {strap-shaped coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller, Smith]

Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Giant Club {pestle-shaped coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Clavariadelphus truncatus {flat-topped coral} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Lentaria byssiseda {cotton-based coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Ramariopsis crocea {orange-yellow ramariopsis} [Barron]

Ramariopsis kunzei, Ivory Coral {white coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller] - Edible

Ramariopsis laeticolor [Barron]

Family Ramariaceae:

Ramaria abietina [Barron, Miller]

Ramaria apiculata {green-tipped coral} [McKnight]

Ramaria aurea {golden coral} [Barron, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Ramaria bataillei [Miller] - POISONOUS

Ramaria botrytis, Rosso Coral {clustered coral} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller, Smith] - Edible

Ramaria formosa, {pink-tipped coral, yellow-tipped coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Smith] - POISONOUS

Ramaria gelatinosa [Miller, Smith]

Ramaria stricta, Upright Coral {straight-branched coral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller, Smith]

Ramaria subbotrytis [Miller, Smith] - Edible

ORDER POLYPORALES

Family Sparassidaceae:

Sparassis crispa, Wood Cauliflower {eastern cauliflower mushroom} [Lincoff, Smith] - Edible

Sparassis laminosa (=herbstii) {eastern cauliflower} [Barron] - Edible

Sparassis spathulata {eastern cauliflower mushroom} [Bessette] - Edible

ORDER RUSSULALES

Family Auriscalpiaceae:

Artomyces pyxidatus (=Clavicorona pyxidata), Candelabra Coral {crown coral, crown-tipped coral) [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller, Smith] - Edible

ORDER THELEPHORALES

Family Thelephoraceae:

Thelephora terrestris, Earthfan {common fiber vase} [Lincoff]

Thelephora vialis {vase thelephore} [Lincoff]

Subclass SORDARIOMYCETIDAE

ORDER HYPOCREALES

Family Clavicipitaceae:

Cordyceps melolonthae {beetle cordyceps, rhinoceros beetle cordyceps} [Bessette, Lincoff]

Cordyceps militaris, Scarlet Caterpillarclub {orange-colored cordyceps, soldier grainy club, trooping cordyceps} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Cordyceps ophioglossoides, Snaketongue Truffleclub {adder’s tongue, goldenthread cordyceps} [Barron, Lincoff]

ORDER XYLARIALES

Family Xylariaceae:

Xylaria hypoxylon, Candlesnuff Fungus {carbon antlers} [Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight]

Xylaria longipes, Dead Moll's Fingers {stalked xylaria} [Barron]

Xylaria polymorpha, Dead Man's Fingers {dead man’s fingers, dead-man’s fingers} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Sources:

Barron, George. 1999. Mushrooms of northeast North America: Midwest to New England. Lone Pine Publishing, Auburn, Washington. 336 pp.

Bessette, Alan, and Walter J. Sunderg. 1987. Mushrooms: a quick reference guide to mushrooms of North America. McMillan Publishing Company, New York, New York. 173 pp.

Lincoff, Gary H. 1987. The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York. 926 pp.

McKnight, Kent H., and Vera B. McKnight. 1987. A field guide to mushrooms of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 429 pp.

Miller, Orson K., and Hope H. Miller. 2006. North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Falcon Guides, Guilford, Connecticut. 583 pp.

Smith, Alexander H., and Nancy Smith Weber. 1996. The mushroom hunter’s guide. University of Michigan Press and Thunder Bay Press. 316 pp.

Michigan Bayous

Not until a recent visit to the vicinity of Grand Haven did I realize that Michigan has bayous, or at least has water features in which the term “bayou” has been incorporated into the name. Having always associated a bayou with the coastal streams and marshes of the Gulf Coast, especially Louisiana, I was surprised to find this to be true.

According to Wikipedia, a bayou "is a body of water typically found in flat, low-lying areas, and can refer either to an extremely slow-moving stream or river (often with a poorly defined shoreline), or to a marshy lake or wetland."

The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) lists at least 50 distinct water features in Michigan that have been denoted as bayous. These 50 features are distributed among 9 different counties, being most numerous in Ottawa (14) and Manistee (11), where they are probably associated with the lower reaches of the Grand and Manistee rivers, respectively. The GNIS classifies these features variously as guts (16), bays (14), swamps (8), lakes (7), and streams (5).

Birds and Drought: Winter Birds

In a grassland-oak savannah in southeastern Arizona, Carl and Jane Bock found that ground-foraging, seed-eating birds were 3 times more abundant one year after a 2-year drought ended than in the previous winter. Details from their abstract:

As a group, 19 species of ground-foraging, seed-eating birds (e.g., doves, quail, sparrows, towhees) were 2.7 times more abundant on the exclosure than on adjacent grazed grasslands during the first winter. These same species were 1.7 times more abundant on the exclosure during the second winter and were 2.9 times more abundant on both sites combined after the drought had ended. A second group of 24 avian species with different foraging ecologies (e.g., predators, frugivores, arboreal insectivores) did not differ between treatments or years. High-density, short-duration rotational grazing, coupled with a drought, left the land in a substantially denuded condition through two winters and negatively affected a variety of resident and migratory birds dependent on ground cover and seed production for over-winter survival.

Source:

Bock, Carl E., and Jane H. Bock. 1999. Response of winter birds to drought and short-duration grazing in southeastern Arizona. Conservation Biology 13: 1117-1123. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98313.x/abstract [Abstract only]

Jelly Fungi of Berrien County, Michigan: A Preliminary List

Credit: This photo of a jelly fungus by Walter Siegmund is used here courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.

Jelly fungi are a diverse group named more for their similar external morphologies (specifically, a gelatinous appearance) than for their close relationship. Although many species of jelly fungi are relatively common, they can be difficult to locate because of the ephemeral nature of their fruiting bodies. Jelly fungi are typically grouped together in field guides for ease of identification by observers in the field. Additional information about jelly fungi can be found here, and images of some representative species can be viewed here.

Because the distribution and relative abundance of fungi has been poorly documented in the literature, the following list was derived by scanning five field guides at my disposal (Barron 1999, Bessette and Sundberg 1987, Lincoff 1987, McKnight and McKnight 1987, and Miller and Miller 2006) and making educated guesses as to which species were likely to occur in Berrien County based on range and habitat descriptions. The 20 species listed below represent 16 genera, 7 families, 4 orders, and 2 subclasses. Given the current state of knowledge of local fungal diversity, I should again emphasize that this is a list of what is possible rather than a list of what has been confirmed in Berrien County and vicinity, and that I have erred on the side of being inclusive rather than exclusive in the case of questionable species.

There are no officially recognized common names for North American fungi. In many cases, however, North American species of Holarctic distribution have been assigned an "official" English name by the British Mycological Society (see Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK); these names are capitalized and appear immediately following the scientific name. Where available, other common name(s) shown in curly brackets in lower case are those that appear in one or more of the referenced field guides.

Authors of field guides treating each species are shown in straight brackets.

The few species that are Edible indicated as such.

Subclass AGARICOMYCETIDAE

ORDER AGARICALES

Family Marasmiaceae:

Physalacria inflata {bladder fungus} [Barron]

Sublcass TREMELLOMYCEDIDAE

ORDER AURICULARIALES

Family Auriculariaceae:

Auricularia auricula, Jelly Ear {brown ear fungus, ear fungus, tree ear, tree-ear} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

ORDER DACRYMYCETALES

Family Dacrymycetaceae:

Calocera cornea, Small Stagshorn [Barron, Miller]

Calocera viscosa, Yellow Stagshorn {coral jelly fungus, yellow staghorn fungus, yellow tuning fork} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight]

Dacrymyces palmatus {orange jelly} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, Miller]

Dacryopinax spathularia {fan-shaped jelly fungus} [Barron]

Guepiniopsis (=Heterotextus) alpine [Barron]

ORDER TREMELLALES

Family Exidiaceae:

Ductifera pululahuana [Bessette]

Exidia glandulosa, Witch's Butter {black jelly roll, black witch’s butter, warty jelly fungus} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Gloeotromera (=Exidia) alba {white jelly fungus} [Barron]

Guepinia (=Phlogiotis) helvelloides, Salmon Salad {apricot jelly, apricot jelly fungus} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, Jelly Tooth {jelly tooth, toothed jelly fungus} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Family Syzygosporaceae:

Syzygospora mycetophila [parasitic jelly} [Barron]

Family Tremellaceae:

Sebacina (=Tremella) concrescens [Barron]

Tremella foliacea, Leafy Brain {leaf jelly, leaf jelly fungus, jelly leaf} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller}

Tremella messenterica, Yellow Brain {witch’s butter} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Tremella reticulata (=reticularia) {white coral jelly, white coral jelly fungus} [Barron, McKnight, Miller]

Tremellodendron pallidum {false coral fungus, jellied false corral} [Barron, Lincoff, Miller]

Tremellodendron schweinitzii {false coral} [McKnight]

Family Tremellodendropsidaceae:

Tremellodentropsis semivestita (=semivestitum) [Barron]

Sources:

Barron, George. 1999. Mushrooms of northeast North America: Midwest to New England. Lone Pine Publishing, Auburn, Washington. 336 pp.

Bessette, Alan, and Walter J. Sunderg. 1987. Mushrooms: a quick reference guide to mushrooms of North America. McMillan Publishing Company, New York, New York. 173 pp.

Lincoff, Gary H. 1987. The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York. 926 pp.

McKnight, Kent H., and Vera B. McKnight. 1987. A field guide to mushrooms of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 429 pp.

Miller, Orson K., and Hope H. Miller. 2006. North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Falcon Guides, Guilford, Connecticut. 583 pp.

Tooth Fungi of Berrien County, Michigan: A Preliminary List

Credit: Bearded Tooth (Hericium erinaceus) is one of the edible tooth fungi. This photo by Lebrac is used here courtesy of permission granted by Wikipedia Commons.

The so-called tooth fungi, sometimes aptly referred to as “fungi with spines,” is an artificial grouping based on external morphology; they are not necessarily closely related phylogenetically. Tooth fungi are usually grouped together in field guides for ease of identification by observers in the field.

In general, the distribution and relative abundance of fungi has been poorly documented in the literature. The following list was derived by scanning five field guides at my disposal (Barron 1999, Bessette and Sundberg 1987, Lincoff 1987, McKnight and McKnight 1987, and Miller and Miller 2006) and making educated guesses as to which species were likely to occur in Berrien County based on range and habitat descriptions. The 27 species listed below represent 13 genera, 7 families, 5 orders, and 2 subclasses. Given the current state of knowledge of local fungal diversity, I should again emphasize that this is a list of what is possible rather than a list of what has been confirmed in Berrien County and vicinity, and that I have erred on the side of being inclusive rather than exclusive in the case of questionable species.

There are no officially recognized common names for North American fungi. In many cases, however, North American species of Holarctic distribution have been assigned an "official" English name by the British Mycological Society (see Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK); these names are capitalized and appear immediately following the scientific name. Where available, other common name(s) shown in curly brackets in lower case are those that appear in one or more of the referenced field guides.

Authors of field guides treating each species are shown in straight brackets.

The few species that are Edible are so-designated.

Subclass ACARICOMYCETES

ORDER CANTHARELLALES

Family Hydnaceae:

Hydnum albidum {white hedgehog} [McKnight, Miller] - edible

Hydnum (=Dentinum) repandum, Wood Hedgehog {sweet tooth, hedgehog mushroom, spreading hedgehog} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Hydnum umbilicatum {depressed hedgehog} [Barron, McKnight] - Edible

ORDER POLYPORALES

Family Meruliaceae:

Climacodon septentrionalis (=septentrionale) {northern tooth, shelving tooth, stacka hydnum} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Family Steccherinaceae:

Irpex lacteus {milk-white toothed polypore} [Lincoff]

Mycorrhaphium (=Steccherinum) adustum {kidney-shaped tooth, smoky hydnum} [Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Steccherinum ochraceum {ochre spreading tooth} [Barron, Lincoff]

ORDER RUSSULALES

Family Auriscalpiaceae:

Auriscalpium vulgare, Earpick Fungus {pine cone fungus, pinecone mushroom, pinecone tooth} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Family Hericiaceae:

Hericium americanum [Barron, Miller] - Edible

Hericium coralloides (=ramosum), Coral Tooth {comb tooth, bear’s head tooth, comb hedgehog, coral hedgehog, waterfall hydnum} [Barron, Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Hericium erinaceus, Bearded Tooth {bearded tooth, bearded hedgehog, hedgehog mushroom} [Bessette, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller] - Edible

Mucronella bresadolae {icicle fungus} [Barron]

ORDER THELEPHORALES

Family Bankeraceae:

Bankera fuligineoalba, Drab Tooth {grayish white hydnum} [McKnight, Miller]

Bankera violascens (=carnosa), Spruce Tooth {fleshy hydnum} [Barron, McKnight]

Hydnellum aurantiacum, Orange Tooth {orange rough-cap tooth} [Lincoff]

Hydnellum caeruleum, Blue Tooth {blue spine, blue tooth, bluish tooth} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight]

Hydnellum concrescens, Zoned Tooth {zonate tooth} [Barron]

Hydnellum diabolus {Miller]

Hydnellum geogenium {yellow tooth} [Barron]

Hydnellum peckii, Devil's Tooth {bleeding tooth} [Barron]

Hydnellum suaveolens [Miller]

Hydnellum spongiosipes, Velvet Tooth {spongy foot, spongy-footed tooth} [Barron, Lincoff]

Phellodon confluens, Fused Tooth {fused cork hydnum} [McKnight]

Phellodon niger, Black Tooth {black tooth} [Lincoff, Miller]

Sarcodon imbricatus (=Hydnum imbricatum), Scaly Tooth {scaly hydnum, scaly tooth} [Barron, Lincoff, McKnight, Miller]

Sarcodon scabrosus, Bitter Tooth {bitter tooth, scaber hydnum) [Barron, McKnight]

Subclass TREMMELOMYCEDIDAE

ORDER TREMELLALES

Family Exidiaceae:

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, Jelly Tooth {jelly false tooth} {Bessette]

Sources:

Barron, George. 1999. Mushrooms of northeast North America: Midwest to New England. Lone Pine Publishing, Auburn, Washington. 336 pp.

Bessette, Alan, and Walter J. Sunderg. 1987. Mushrooms: a quick reference guide to mushrooms of North America. McMillan Publishing Company, New York, New York. 173 pp.

Lincoff, Gary H. 1987. The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York. 926 pp.

McKnight, Kent H., and Vera B. McKnight. 1987. A field guide to mushrooms of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 429 pp.

Miller, Orson K., and Hope H. Miller. 2006. North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Falcon Guides, Guilford, Connecticut. 583 pp.

Birds and Drought: Lower Klamath Refuge

The Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge, established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 as the first refuge for waterfowl in the United States, encompasses an area of nearly 54,000 acres straddling the California-Oregon border.

According to refuge manager Ron Cole, water conditions on the refuge are "the driest on record since the 1940’s, as evidenced by mud flats, cracks in the mud and miles of barren wetlands."

In a typical year, upwards of 80 percent of the migratory waterfowl traveling the Pacific Flyway will use various units of the Klamath Basin refuge complex, with the majority of those individuals using Lower Klamath. But being “such a terrible year for water,” this is far from a typical year.

A request to the Bureau of Reclamation for 15,000 acre-feet of water, enough to flood 5,000 acres of the refuge’s seasonal marsh and provide habitat for upward of a half-million waterfowl, is unlikely to be fulfilled. Under the priority system governing the distribution of water in the Klamath Basin, endangered species are first in line, followed by Tribal subsistence fisheries and farmers. Only after these users receive their full allotments will any remaining water be made available for refuge use.

It seems certain that whatever water becomes available for the Lower Klamath refuge this year, it will be substantially less than what is needed to provide adequate feeding habitat for migratory waterfowl.

Crying Wolf

Author Chip Ward has written a smart essay about wolves, the role they play in healthy ecosystems, the strong emotions that they evoke in people, and the battle lines that are inevitably drawn by any talk of wolf conservation. A brief sampling:

Just as American farmers once realized that erosion follows ignorance and learned how to plow differently, just as most of us finally learned that rivers should not be used as toxic dumps, so today we must learn that environments have the equivalent of operating systems. Predation by large carnivores is written deep into the code of much of the American landscape. Today, a rancher who expects to do business in a predator-free landscape is no more reasonable than yesterday’s industrialist who expected to use the nearest river as a sewer. Living with wolves may be a challenging proposition, but it’s hardly impossible to do -- as folks in Minnesota or Canada can attest.

These sentiments would have been heartily endorsed by Aldo Leopold.

Birds and Drought: Crop Damage

In the wake of a drier-than-normal summer—with some areas experiencing a rainfall deficit of 5 or 6 inches—the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has issued a drought warning for 24 counties, and a drought watch for 43 more.
http://citizensvoice.com/news/dep-issues-drought-warning-for-county-1.1017885

Among the problems caused by the drought were reports of crop damage caused by birds. Ted Dymond, the owner of Dymond Farms in Luzerne County’s Franklin Township, had this to say:

The biggest problem we had, the dry weather created a shortage of moisture for birds. We had a lot of bird damage this year, and I kind of relate that to the drought.

This anecdotal report fails to identify the crops damaged (cucumbers and beans are mentioned in the context of the report, but neither is specifically identified as a crop damaged by birds), the type or extent of damages, or the species of bird(s) responsible for damages.

Trees of Berrien County, Michigan

Trees constitute a particular growth form (or habit) of vascular plants. Plants USDA defines a tree as follows:

Perrenial, woody plant with a single stem (trunk), normally greater than 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) in height; under certain environmental conditions, some tree species may develop a multi-stemmed or short growth form (less than 4 meters or 13 feet in height).

The trees of Berrien County constitute a subset of the conifers and dicots known from the county.

Of the 131 species listed below, 57 occur only as trees, while 74 can also be shrubs under certain conditions. These 131 species represent 54 genera, 30 families, 16 orders, and 2 classes.

Scientific and common names follow the online USDA Plants database. Species known to occur in Berrien County only as a result of human Introduction are denoted by [I]. Species for which there is a question as to their Native or Introduced origin are denoted [I?].

Species that have been determined to be of Special Plants in Michigan are denoted as follows: [E} = Endangered, [SC] = Special Concern, [T] = Threatened.

Growth habits are denoted as follows: {s} = shrub, {t} = tree. Species known to have woody stems are denoted with a {W}.

CLASS PINIPSIDA (conifers)

ORDER PINALES (pines et al.):

Family Cupressaceae (cypresses):

Juniperus communis, Common Juniper {s/t}

Juniperus virginiana, Eastern Redcedar {t}

Thuja occidentalis, Arborvitae {t}

Family Pinaceae (pines):

Larix laricina, Tamarack {t}

Pinus banksiana, Jack Pine {t}

Pinus strobus, Eastern White Pine {t}

Tsuga canadensis, Eastern Hemlock {t}

CLASS MAGNOLIOPSIDA (dicots)

ORDER CELASTRALES

Family Aquifoliaceae (holly family):

Ilex (=Nemopanthus) mucronata (=mucronatus), Catberry {s/t}

Ilex verticillata, Common Winterberry {s/t}

Family Celastraceae (bittersweet family):

Euonymus europaeus (=europaea), European Spindletree [I] {s/t}

Euonymus hamiltonianus (=hamiltoniana), Hamilton’s Spindletree [I] {s/t}

ORDER CORNALES

Family Cornaceae [including Nyssaceae] (dogwood family):

Cornus alternifolia, Alternateleaf Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus florida, Flowering Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus foemina, Stiff Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus rugosa, Roundleaf Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus sericea (=stolonifera), Redosier Dogwood {s/t}

Nyssa sylvatica, Blackgum {t}

ORDER DIPSACALES

Family Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family):

Sambucus nigra (=canadensis), Black Elderberry [I?] {s/t}

Sambucus racemosa, Red Elderberry {s/t}

Viburnum dentatum, Southern Arrow-wood {s/t}

Viburnum lentago, Nannyberry {s/t}

Viburnum nudum (=cassinoides), Withe-rod {s/t}

Viburnum opulus, American Cranberrybush {s/t}

Viburnum prunifolium, Blackhaw [SC] {s/t}

ORDER FABALES

Family Fabaceae [=Leguminoceae] (pea family):

Cercis canadensis, Eastern Redbud {s/t}

Gleditsia triacanthos, Honeylocust {s/t}

Gymnocladus dioicus, Kentucky Coffeetree [SC] {t}

Robinia hispida, Bristly Locust {s/t}

Robinia pseudoacacia, Black Locust {t}

Robinia viscosa, Clammy Locust {s/t}

Family Betulaceae (birch family):

Alnus incana, Gray Alder {s/t}

Betula alleghaniensis, Yellow Birch {t}

Betula papyrifera, Paper Birch {t}

Betula pendula, European White Birch [I] {t}

Carpinus caroliniana, American Hornbeam {s/t}

Ostrya virginiana, Hophornbeam {s/t}

Family Fagaceae (beech family):

Castanea dentate, American Chestnut^ [E] {t}

Fagus grandifolia, American Beech {t}

Quercus alba, White Oak {t}

Quercus bicolor, Swamp White Oak {t}

Quercus imbricaria, Shingle Oak {t}

Quercus macrocarpa, Bur Oak {s/t}

Quercus muehlenbergii, Chinkapin Oak {t}

Quercus palustris, Pin Oak {t}

Quercus rubra, Northern Red Oak {t}

Quercus velutina, Black Oak {t}

ORDER HAMAMELIDALES

Family Hamamelidaceae (witch-hazel family):

Hamamelis virginiana, American Witchhazel {s/t}

Family Platanaceae (plane-tree family):

Platanus occidentalis, American Sycamore {t}

ORDER LAURALES

Family Lauraceae (laurel family):

Lindera benzoin, Northern Spicebush {s/t}

Sassafras albidum, Sassafras {s/t}

ORDER MAGNOLIALES

Family Ammonaceae (custard-apple family):

Asimina triloba, Pawpaw {s/t}

Family Magnoliaceae (magnolia family):

Liriodendron tulipifera, Tuliptree {t}

ORDER MALVALES

Family Tiliaceae (linden family):

Tilia americana, American Basswood {t}

ORDER RHAMNALES

Family Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family):

Frangula (=Rhamnus) alnus (=frangula), Glossy Buckthorn [I] {s/t}

Rhamnus cathartica, Common Buckthorn [I] {s/t}

ORDER ROSALES

Family Rosaceae (rose family):

Amelanchier arborea, Common Serviceberry {s/t}

Amelanchier interior, Pacific Serviceberry {s/t}

Amelanchier laevis, Allegheny Serviceberry {s/t}

Amelanchier sanguinea, Roundleaf Serviceberry {s/t}

Crataegus calpodendron, Pear Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus crus-galli, Cockspur Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus dodgei, Dodge’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus holmesiana, Holmes’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus margarettiae, Margarett’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus pedicellata, Scarlet Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus pringlei, Pringle’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus punctata, Dotted Hawtorhn {s/t}

Malus coronaria, Sweet Crab Apple {s/t}

Malus ioensis, Prairie Crab Apple {s/t}

Malus pumila, Paradise Apple [I] {t}

Prunus americana, American Plum {s/t}

Prunus avium, Sweet Cherry [I] {t}

Prunus domestica, European Plum [I] {t}

Prunus mahaleb, Mahaleb Cherry [I] {s/t}

Prunus pensylvanica, Pin Cherry {s/t}

Prunus serotina, Black Cherry {s/t}

Prunus virginiana, Chokecherry {s/t}

Pyrus communis, Common Pear [I] {t}

ORDER RUBIALES

Family Rubiaceae (madder family):

Cephalanthus occidentalis, Common Buttonbush {s/t}

ORDER SALICALES

Family Salicaceae (willow family):

Populus alba, White Poplar [I] {t}

Populus balsamifera, Balsam Poplar {t}

Populus deltoides, Eastern Cottonwood {t}

Populus grandidentata, Bigtooth Aspen {t}

Populus heterophylla, Swamp Cottonwood [E] {t}

Populus nigra, Lombardy Poplar [I] {t}

Populus tremuloides, Quacking Aspen {t}

Salix alba, White Willow [I] {t}

Salix amygdaloides, Peachleaf Willow {s/t}

Salix bebbiana, Bebb Willow {s/t}

Salix discolor, Pussy Willow {s/t}

Salix eriocephala, Missouri River Willow {s/t}

Salix exigua, Narrowleaf Willow {s/t}

Salix fragilis, Crack Willow [I] {t}

Salix lucida, Shining Willow {s/t}

Salix myricoides, Bayberry Willow {s/t}

Salix nigra, Black Willow {t}

Salix pentandra, Laurel Willow [I] {t}

Salix petiolaris, Meadow Willow {s/t}

Salix purpurea, Purpleosier Willow [I] {s/t}

Salix sericea, Silky Willow {s/t}

Salix serissima, Autumn Willow {s/t}

ORDER SAPINDALES

Family Aceraceae (maple family):

Acer negundo, Boxelder {t}

Acer platanoides, Norway Maple [I] {t}

Acer nigrum (=saccharum nigrum), Black Maple {t}

Acer rubrum, Red Maple {t}

Acer saccharinum, Silver Maple {t}

Acer saccharum, Sugar Maple {t}

Family Anacardiaceae (sumac family):

Rhus pulvinata, Northern Smooth Sumac {t}

Rhus copallinum (=copallina), Winged Sumac {s/t}

Rhus glabra, Smooth Sumac {s/t}

Rhus typhina, Staghorn Sumac {s/t}

Toxicodendron vernix, Poison Sumac {s/t}

ORDER SCROPHULARIALES

Family Bignoniaceae (trumpet-creeper family):

Catalpa speciosa, Northern Catalpa {t}

Family Oleaceae (olive family):

Fraxinus americana, White Ash {t}

Fraxinus nigra, BlackAsh {t}

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Green Ash {t}

Fraxinus profunda, Pumpkin Ash [T] {t}

Fraxinus quadrangulata, Blue Ash {t}

ORDER URTICALES

Family Moraceae (mulberry family):

Maclura pomifera, Osage Orange {s/t}

Morus alba, White Mulberry [I] {s/t}

Morus rubra, Red Mulberry [T] {t}

Family Ulmaceae (elm family):

Celtis occidentalis, Common Hackberry {s/t}

Ulmus americana, American Elm {t}

Ulmus pumila, Siberian Elm [I] {s/t}

Ulmus rubra, Slippery Elm {t}

Family Hippocastanaceae (horse-chestnut family):

Aesculus glabra, Ohio Buckeye {t}

Aesculus hippocastatum, Horse Chestnut [I] {t}

Family Rutaceae (rue family):

Ptelea trifoliata, Common Hoptree {s/t}

Xanthoxylum americanum, Common Pricklyash {s/t}

Family Simaroubaceae (quassia family):

Ailanthus altissima, Tree of Heaven [I] {t}

Family Staphyleaceae (bladdernut family):

Staphylea trifolia, American Bladdernut {s/t}

Vines of Berrien County, Michigan

Credit: Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata), courtesy of USDA Forest Service.

Vines constitute a particular growth form (or habit) of vascular plants. Plants USDA defines a vine as follows:

Twining/climbing plant with relatively long stems, can be woody or herbaceous.

The vines of Berrien County constitute a subset of the monocots and dicots known from the county.

Of the 48 species listed below, 13 occur only as vines; 27 can also be forbs/herbs under certain conditions; 3 can be subshrubs; 2 can be shrubs; 1 can be a forb/herb or subshrub; 1 can be a subshrub or shrub; and 1 can be a forb/herb, subshrub, or shrub, depending on conditions. These 48 species represent 27 genera, 19 families, 16 orders, and 2 classes.

Scientific and common names follow the online USDA Plants database. Species known to occur in Berrien County only as a result of human Introduction are denoted by [I]. Species for which there is a question as to their Native or Introduced origin are denoted [I?].

Species that have been determined to be of Special Plants in Michigan are denoted as follows: [SC] = Special Concern, [T] = Threatened.

Growth habits are denoted as follows: {f/b} = forb/herb, {ss} = subshrub [=dwarf shrub], {s} = shrub, {v} = vine (woody plus herbaceous). Species known to have woody stems are denoted with a {W}.

CLASS LILIOPSIDA (monocots)

ORDER LILIALES

Family Dioscoreaceae (yams):

Dioscorea vollosa, Wild Yam (f/h/v}

Family Smilacaceae (catbriers):

Smilax ecirrhata, Upright Carrionflower {f/h/v}

Smilax illinoensis, Illinois Greenbrier {f/h/v}

Smilax lasioneura, Blue Ridge Carrionflower {f/h/v}

Smilax rotundifolia, Roundleaf Greenbrier (s/v}

Smilax tamnoides, Bristly Greenbrier (s/v} {W}

CLASS MAGNOLIOPSIDA (dicots)

ORDER CELASTRALES

Family Celastraceae (bittersweet family):

Celastrus orbiculata, Oriental Bittersweet [I] {v} {W}

Celastrus scandens, American Bittersweet {v} {W}

Euonymus obovatus (=obovata), Running Strawberry Bush {ss/s/v}

ORDER DIPSACALES

Family Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family):

Lonicera dioica, Limber Honeysuckle {v} {W}

Lonicera japonica, Japanese Honeysuckle [I] {v} {W}

ORDER GENTIANALES

Family Apocynaceae (dogbane family):

Vinca minor, Common Periwinkle [I] {f/h/v} {W}

ORDER PAPAVERALES

Family Fumariaceae (fumitory family):

Adlumia fungosa, Allegheny Vine [SC] {f/h/v}

ORDER POLYGALALES

Family Polygonaceae (buckwheat family):

Polygonum arifolium, Halberdleaf Tearthumb {f/h/v}

Polygonum cilinode, Fringed Black Bindweed {f/h/v}

Polygonum convolvulus, Black Bindweed [I] {f/h/v}

Polygonum sagittatum, Arrowleaf Tearthum {f/h/v}

Polygonum scandens, Climbing False Buckwheat [I?] {f/h/v}

ORDER RANUNCULALES

Family Menispermaceae (moonseed family):

Menispermum canadense, Common Moonseed {v} {W}

Family Ranunculaceae (buttercup family):

Clematis virginiana, Devil’s Darning Needles {v} {W}

ORDER RHAMNALES

Family Vitaceae (grape family):

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (including inserta), Virginia Creeper {v} {W}

Vitis aestivalis, Summer Grape {v} {W}

Vitis labrusca, Fox Grape {v} {W}

Vitis riparia, Riverbank Grape {v} {W}

Vitis vulpina, Frost Grape [T] {v} {W}

ORDER ROSALES

Family Rosaceae (rose family):

Rosa multiflora, Multiflora Rose [I] {ss/v} {W}

Rosa setigera, Climbing Rose {ss/v} {W}

Rubus laciniatus, Cutleaf Blackberry [I] {ss/v} {W}

ORDER RUBIALES

Family Rubiaceae (madder family):

Galium aparine, Stickywilly {f/h/v}

Galium trifidum, Threepetal Bedstraw {f/h/v}

Galium verum, Yellow Spring Bedstraw [I] {f/h/v}

ORDER SAPINDALES

Family Anacardiaceae (sumac family):

Toxicodendron radicans, Eastern Poison Ivy {f/h/ss/s/v} {W}

ORDER SCROPHULARIALES

Family Bignoniaceae (trumpet-creeper family):

Campsis radicans, Trumpet Creeper {v} {W}

ORDER SOLANALES

Family Convolvulaceae (morning-glory family):

Calystegia sepsium, Hedge False Bindweed [I?] {f/h/v}

Calystegia silvatica, Shortstalk False Bindweed [I?] {f/h/v}

Convolvulus arvensis, Field Bindweed [I] {v}

Ipomoea pandurata, Man of the Earth [T] {f/h/v}

Ipomoea purpurea, Tall Morning-glory [I] {f/h/v}

Family Cuscutaceae (dodder family):

Cuscuta campestris, Fiveangled Dodder^ [SC] {f/h/v}

Cuscuta cephalanthi, Buttonbush Dodder {f/h/v}

Cuscuta glomerata, Rope Dodder [SC (last observed 1906)] {f/h/v}

Cuscuta grovoni, Scaldweed {f/h/v}

Family Solanaceae (potato family):

Solanum dulcamara, Climbing Nightshade [I] {f/h/ss/v}

ORDER URTICALES

Family Cannabaceae (hemp family):

Humulus lupulus, Common Hop [I?] {f/h/v}

ORDER VIOLALES

Family Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family):

Citrullus lanatus, Watermelon [I] {f/h/v}

Cucurbita foetidissima, Missouri Gourd {f/h/v}

Echinocystis lobata, Wild Cucumber {f/h/v}

Sicyos angulatus, Oneseed Bur Cucumber {f/h/v}

Birds and Drought: Palila Follow-Up

As a follow-up to my previous post about the Palila (an Endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper) and drought, I here present quantitative data on the impact of drought on Palila breeding efforts.

Lindsey et al. (1995) presented the results of a 7-year (1987-1993) study of annual survival, age, and sex ratios of the Palila on Mauna Kea, and offered the following observations on the impacts of drought:

The number of nesting attempts by Palila appeared to be influenced by annual differences in precipitation and differences in the availability of immature mamane pods [the principal food source] prior to and during the Palila breeding season (van Riper 1980; P. Banko, unpubl. data). For example, we located 71 Palila nests in our study area during 1991, a year of relatively high mamane pod production, compared to 52 nests during the previous year when mamane pods were moderately available (T. Pratt, unpubl. data). In 1992, when the drought caused an almost complete failure in the mamane crop, we located only five Palila nests [a 92 percent reduction from the average of the previous 2 years]. Adult Palila had higher survival in years when mamane production [and presumably precipitation] was relatively high.

"Hawaii is suffering through an unprecedented drought", with El Nino conditions the last two years having "added new misery to a half-century of declining rainfall on the tropical island chain."

Firefighters fear that "extreme wildfires could destroy native ecosystems and create devastating long-term environmental damage."

Sources:
Lindsey, G. D., S. G. Fancy, M. H. Reynolds, T. K. Pratt, K. A. Wilson, P. C. Banko, and J. D. Jacobi. 1995. Population structure and survival of the Palila. Condor 97: 528-535. URL:
http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v097n02/p0528-p0535.pdf

van Riper, C., III. 1980b. The phenology of the dry-land forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, and the impact of recent environmental perturbations. Biotropica 12: 282-291. URL: http://www.jstor.org/pss/2387700 [Abstract only]

Shrubs of Berrien County, Michigan

Shrubs constitute a particular growth form (or habit) of vascular plants. Plants USDA defines a shrub as follows:

Perennial, multi-stemmed woody plant that is usually less than 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) in height. Shrubs typically have several stems arising from or near the ground, but may be taller than 5 meters or single-stemmed under certain environmental conditions.

The shrubs of Berrien County constitute a subset of the conifers, monocots, and dicots known from the county. The stems and roots of shrubs are typically woody in texture rather than herbaceous.

Of the 129 species listed below, 36 are known only as shrubs; 69 can also be trees under certain conditions; 14 can be subshrubs; 5 can be forbs/herbs or subshrubs; 3 can be a subshrubs or vines; 2 can be forbs/herbs, subshrubs, or vines, depending on conditions; and 1 can be a graminoid or subshrub. These 130 species represent 62 genera, 24 orders, 32 families, and 3 classes.

Scientific and common names follow the online USDA Plants database. Species known to occur in Berrien County only as a result of human Introduction are denoted by [I]. Species for which there is a question as to their Native or Introduced origin are denoted [I?].

Species that have been determined to be of Special Concern in Michigan are denoted as [SC].

Growth habits are denoted as follows: {f/b} = forb/herb, {g} = graminoid, {ss} = subshrub [=dwarf shrub], {s} = shrub, {t} = tree, {v} = vine (woody plus herbaceous).

CLASS PINOPSIDA (conifers)

ORDER PINALES

Family Cupressaceae (cypresses):

Juniperus communis, Common Juniper {s/t}

ORDER TAXALES

Family Taxaceae (yews)

Taxus canadensis, Canada Yew {s}

CLASS LILIOPSIDA (monocots)

ORDER AGAVALES

Family Agavaceae (century-plants):

Yucca filamentosa, Adam’s Needle (f/h/ss/s}

ORDER CYPERALES

Family Poaceae (grasses):

Phragmites australis, Common Reed (g/ss/s}

ORDER LILIALES

Family Smilaceae (catbriers):

Smilax rotundifolia, Roundleaf Greenbrier (s/v}

Smilax tamnoides, Bristly Greenbrier (s/v}

CLASS MAGNOLIOPSIDA (dicots)

ORDER CARYOPHYLLALES

Family Cactaceae (cactus family):

Opuntia humifusa, Devil’s-tongue {s}

ORDER CELASTRALES

Family Aquifoliaceae (holly family):

Ilex (=Nemopanthus) mucronata (=mucronatus), Catberry {s/t}

Ilex verticillata, Common Winterberry {s/t}

Family Celastraceae (bittersweet family):

Euonymus alatus (=alata), Burningbush [I] {s}

Euonymus europaeus (=europaea), European Spindletree [I] {s/t}

Euonymus hamiltonianus (=hamiltoniana), Hamilton’s Spindletree [I] {s/t}

Euonymus obovatus (=obovata), Running Strawberry Bush {ss/s/v}

ORDER CORNALES

Family Cornaceae [including Nyssaceae] (dogwood family):

Cornus alternifolia, Alternateleaf Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus amomum, Silky Dogwood {s}

Cornus canadensis, Bunchberry Dogwood {f/h/ss/s}

Cornus florida, Flowering Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus foemina, Stiff Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus rugosa, Roundleaf Dogwood {s/t}

Cornus sericea (=stolonifera), Redosier Dogwood {s/t}

ORDER DIPSACALES

Family Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family):

Diervilla lonicera, Northern Bush Honeysuckle {s}

Lonicera canadensis, American Fly Honeysuckle {s}

Lonicera maackii, Amur Honeysuckle [I] {s}

Lonicera morrowii, Morrow’s Honeysuckle [I] {s}

Lonicera tatarica, Tatarian Honeysuckle [I] {s}

Lonicera xylosteum, Dwarf Honeysuckle [I] {s}

Sambucus nigra (=canadensis), Black Elderberry [I?] {s/t}

Sambucus racemosa, Red Elderberry {s/t}

Symphoricarpos albus, Common Snowberry {ss/s}

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Coralberry {s}

Viburnum acerifolium, Mapleleaf Viburnum {ss/s}

Viburnum dentatum, Southern Arrow-wood {s/t}

Viburnum lentago, Nannyberry {s/t}

Viburnum nudum (=cassinoides), Withe-rod {s/t}

Viburnum opulus, American Cranberrybush {s/t}

Viburnum prunifolium, Blackhaw [SC] {s/t}

Viburnum rafinesqueanum (=rafinesquianum), Downy Arrow-wood {s}

ORDER ERICALES

Family Ericaceae (heath family):

Andromeda polifolia (=glaucophylla), Bog Rosemary {ss/s}

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Kinnickinnick {ss/s}

Chamaedaphne calyculata, Leatherleaf {s}

Epigaea repens, Trailing Arbutus {ss/s}

Gaultheria procumbens, Eastern Teaberry {ss/s}

Gaylussacia baccata, Black Huckleberry {s}

Vaccinium angustifolium, Lowbush Blueberry {ss/s}

Vaccinium corymbosum, Highbush Cranberry {s}

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Cranberry {ss/s}

Vaccinium oxycoccos, Small Cranberry {ss/s}

Vaccinium pallidum, Blue Ridge Blueberry {ss/s}

ORDER FABALES

Family Fabaceae [=Leguminoceae] (pea family):

Amorpha canescens, Leadplant^ [SC] {ss/s}

Cercis canadensis, Eastern Redbud {s/t}

Gleditsia triacanthos, Honeylocust {s/t}

Robinia hispida, Bristly Locust {s/t}

Robinia viscosa, Clammy Locust {s/t}

Family Betulaceae (birch family):

Alnus incana, Gray Alder {s/t}

Betula pumila, Bog Birch {s}

Carpinus caroliniana, American Hornbeam {s/t}

Corylus americana, American Hazelnut {s}

Ostrya virginiana, Hophornbeam {s/t}

Family Fagaceae (beech family):

Quercus macrocarpa, Bur Oak {s/t}

ORDER HAMAMELIDALES

Family Hamamelidaceae (witch-hazel family):

Hamamelis virginiana, American Witchhazel {s/t}

ORDER LAURALES

Family Lauraceae (laurel family):

Lindera benzoin, Northern Spicebush {s/t}

Sassafras albidum, Sassafras {s/t}

ORDER MAGNOLIALES

Family Ammonaceae (custard-apple family):

Asimina triloba, Pawpaw {s/t}

ORDER MYRICALES

Family Myricaceae (bayberry family):

Comptonia peregrina, Sweet Fern {ss/s}

ORDER MYRTALES

Family Lythraceae (loosestrife family):

Decodon verticillatus, Swamp Loosestrife {ss/s}

Family Thymelaeaceae (mezereum family):

Dirca palustris, Eastern Leatherwood {s}

ORDER RANUNCULALES

Family Berberidaceae (barberry family):

Berberis thunbergii, Japanese Barberry [I] {s}

Berberis vulgaris, Common Barberry [I] {s}

ORDER RHAMNALES

Family Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family):

Elaeagnus umbellata, Autumn Olive [I] {s}

Shepherdia canadensis, Russet Buffaloberry {s}

Family Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family):

Ceanothus americanus, New Jersey Tea {ss/s}

Frangula (=Rhamnus) alnus (=frangula), Glossy Buckthorn [I] {s/t}

Rhamnus alnifolia, Alderleaf Buckthorn {s}

Rhamnus cathartica, Common Buckthorn [I] {s/t}

ORDER ROSALES

Family Grossulariaceae (currant family):

Ribes americanum, American Black Currant {s}

Ribes aureum (=odoratum), Golden Currant {s}

Ribes cynosbati, Eastern Prickly Gooseberry {s}

Ribes hirtellum, Hairystem Gooseberry {s}

Family Rosaceae (rose family):

Amelanchier arborea, Common Serviceberry {s/t}

Amelanchier interior, Pacific Serviceberry {s/t}

Amelanchier laevis, Allegheny Serviceberry {s/t}

Amelanchier sanguinea, Roundleaf Serviceberry {s/t}

Crataegus calpodendron, Pear Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus crus-galli, Cockspur Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus dodgei, Dodge’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus holmesiana, Holmes’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus margarettiae, Margarett’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus pedicellata, Scarlet Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus pringlei, Pringle’s Hawthorn {s/t}

Crataegus punctata, Dotted Hawtorhn {s/t}

Malus coronaria, Sweet Crab Apple {s/t}

Malus ioensis, Prairie Crab Apple {s/t}

Photonia (=Aronia) floribunda (=prunifolia), Purple Chokeberry {s}

Physocarpus opulifolius, Common Ninebark {s}

Prunus americana, American Plum {s/t}

Prunus mahaleb, Mahaleb Cherry [I] {s/t}

Prunus pensylvanica, Pin Cherry {s/t}

Prunus pumila, Sandcherry {s}

Prunus serotina, Black Cherry {s/t}

Prunus virginiana, Chokecherry {s/t}

ORDER RUBIALES

Family Rubiaceae (madder family):

Cephalanthus occidentalis, Common Buttonbush {s/t}

ORDER SALICALES

Family Salicaceae (willow family):

Salix amygdaloides, Peachleaf Willow {s/t}

Salix bebbiana, Bebb Willow {s/t}

Salix candida, Sageleaf Willow {s}

Salix cordata, Heartleaf Willow {s}

Salix discolor, Pussy Willow {s/t}

Salix eriocephala, Missouri River Willow {s/t}

Salix exigua, Narrowleaf Willow {s/t}

Salix humilis, Prairie Willow {s}

Salix lucida, Shining Willow {s/t}

Salix myricoides, Bayberry Willow {s/t}

Salix petiolaris, Meadow Willow {s/t}

Salix purpurea, Purpleosier Willow [I] {s/t}

Salix sericea, Silky Willow {s/t}

Salix serissima, Autumn Willow {s/t}

ORDER SAPINDALES

Family Anacardiaceae (sumac family):

Rhus copallinum (=copallina), Winged Sumac {s/t}

Rhus glabra, Smooth Sumac {s/t}

Rhus typhina, Staghorn Sumac {s/t}

Toxicodendron radicans, Eastern Poison Ivy {f/h/ss/s/v}

Toxicodendron vernix, Poison Sumac {s/t}

Family Rutaceae (rue family):

Ptelea trifoliata, Common Hoptree {s/t}

Xanthoxylum americanum, Common Pricklyash {s/t}

Family Staphyleaceae (bladdernut family):

Staphylea trifolia, American Bladdernut {s/t}

ORDER SCROPHULARIALES

Family Oleaceae (olive family):

Ligustrum obtusifolium, Border Privet [I] {s}

Ligustrum vulgare, European Privet [I] {s}

Syringa vulgaris, Common Lilac [I] {s}

ORDER SOLANALES

Family Polemoniaceae (phlox family):

Phlox divaricata, Wild Blue Phlox {f/h/ss/s}

Phlox nivalis, Trailing Phlox {f/h/ss/s}

Phlox pilosa, Downy Phlox {f/h/ss/s}

Phlox subulata, Moss Phlox {f/h/ss/s}

Last Revised: 9/21/2010.